State Responsibility in Safeguarding the Integrity of Digital Land Records against Manipulation and Cyber Attacks

Rikky Fermana; Septa Agung Rahayu  Basuki; Fajar  Kurniawan; Muhammad  Zarnudin

doi:10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.440

Authors

Rikky Fermana Universitas Darul Ulum Islamic Centre Sudirman Guppi Author
Septa Agung Rahayu Basuki Universitas Darul Ulum Islamic Centre Sudirman Guppi Author
Fajar Kurniawan Universitas Darul Ulum Islamic Centre Sudirman Guppi Author
Muhammad Zarnudin Universitas Darul Ulum Islamic Centre Sudirman Guppi Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.440

Keywords:

State Accountability, Digital Land Data, Authenticity, Cybersecurity, Legal Protection

Abstract

The digital transformation of land administration in Indonesia enhances efficiency and transparency, particularly through the implementation of electronic land certificates by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN). However, the shift to digital land records also raises serious legal challenges related to data integrity and authenticity amid increasing risks of manipulation and cyber attacks. Existing legal scholarship has predominantly addressed the formal validity of electronic documents and procedural aspects of digital land registration, while insufficient attention has been given to the state’s legal responsibility in safeguarding the integrity of digital land records within an integrated framework of land law, information technology law, and data protection. This study aims to examine the scope of state responsibility in protecting digital land records from cyber threats and to assess the adequacy of the prevailing regulatory framework in ensuring legal certainty of land rights. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes key regulations, including the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021, and the Regulation of the Minister of ATR/BPN on Electronic Certificates. The findings indicate that the state has a constitutional obligation to ensure the integrity of digital land records as part of citizens’ right to legal certainty under Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. Nevertheless, challenges persist in regulatory harmonization, institutional coordination, cybersecurity preparedness, and human resource capacity. Therefore, strengthening state responsibility requires coherent regulatory integration, effective inter-agency coordination, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and the adoption of advanced technologies such as blockchain to maintain the integrity and authenticity of digital land records in a sustainable manner.

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